Showing posts with label Hayward--Wes. Show all posts

Termination Insensitive BITX Amps


 Back in 2009 Wes Hayward and Bob Kopski designed a termination insensitive amplifier block for use in BITX-like transceivers. Farhan urged me to use it.  The advantage of this design is that the input impedance stays at 50 ohms no matter what you hang off the other end.  That's very helpful, especially when you start trying to get specific impedances at the ends of crystal filters.   I'm planning on using this circuit in my next BITX.   This morning I was playing around with it in LTSPICE.  The "mirror" feature in that program is quite helpful when you are working on circuits like this!

Here is the article by Wes and Bob that describes this great circuit:
http://w7zoi.net/bidirectional_matched_amplifier.pdf

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Homebrew Heroes at Rickreal Hamfest: W7ZOI and WA7MLH



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Kansas Mighty Mite

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Broadening the Barebones Barbados Receiver


I've been working on the crystal filter of the Barbados Barebones Superhet receiver.  This was designed by Doug DeMaw in 1982.  This one was built by Dale Parfitt W4OP and then repeatedly modified by me.  It is now on 17 meters with a crystal-switchable VXO.    Earlier I had made a very crude attempt to broaden the filter from its original very narrow CW configuration.    This week I did this again, but this time I actually characterized the crystals and used Wes's LDA and GPLA software (from EMRFD) to design the filter.  

I played with the capacitor values and finally got the 3 kc bandwidth I wanted, but I'm having trouble getting rid of the ripple.   I know this is dependent on the impedances at the two ends.  The programs say I need 2000 ohms.   

I'm kind of puzzled about how Doug DeMaw did this with his original design.  For his crystals and his 250 Hz (!) bandwidth he said he needed 450 ohms.   He used 4.7:1 turns ratio transformers at either end and said that by putting 10k resistors across these transformers he got the needed impedance.  I can see how this would work looking into the gate of the 40673 IF amp, but looking back at the drain of the 40673 mixer, I'm not so sure that that would yield 10k. (See schematic below.)

But who am I to doubt Doug?   So I assumed he was correct about the 10K and I re-wound the transformers with a 2:1 turns ratio, thinking that would get me closer to the needed 2k.   But the ripple is still there.  I guess I could use a return loss bridge at this point... 

I don't know whether this is worth messing with anymore.  The receiver sounds nice.  The 3kHz bandwidth gives it a nice sound, and the ripple doesn't seem to be noticeable  That FAR circuits board is tightly packed and difficult to work with.  So, should I leave good enough alone, or should I proceed with fanatical ripple eradication.  Any advice?

BTW:  Why is it that receivers always seem to sound better when opened up (as above) on the workbench?  

 

 


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BITX 17 Build Update: More Filter Maintenance

 
 
 
Having had great success in straightening out the 11 MHz filter in my BITX 2040 (scroll down for details),  today I decided to see what I could do with the filter in my 17 meter BITX (four 5 MHz crystals in Cohn MIN LOSS configuration, with 40 pf caps all around).  The key to my success in all this has been the filter programs that came with EMRFD.  After characterizing my crystals with the G3UUR method, I plugged the values into LADBUILD 8, then took a look at the expected results.  As you can see from the image above the predictions were not pretty.  Yuck.  Lots of ripple and lots of insertion loss.

I went into the rig and using my DDS sig generator and my RIGOL 'scope, measured actual performance.  It looked worse than the prediction (part of the worsening is a difference in vertical scale):


LADBUILD lets you play around with the values of the components in the filters.  I know that ripple is usually related to an impedance mismatch.  So in LADBUILD I experimented (virtually) with different impedance values at the end.   I noticed that at about 1000 ohms, the ripple and insertion loss got better:


So I went and built two broadband toroidal transformers.   4 turns primary with 12 turns secondary (1:9 Z).  I'm assuming that the BITX has around 150 ohms at either end of the filter.  That would put about 1350 ohms at the ends of the filter.

Here are the results:


Much better.



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On the Origins of "Ugly"

Yesterday I posted a link to a Maker Blog article about a fellow who designed a DIY, junkbox, homebrew machine tool.  I noted that in the book "The Ugly American" the hero also makes use of old engine blocks.  Farhan commented on this, reminding me of the connection between "The Ugly American" and our beloved ugly construction method:  This is from Todd's (wonderful) QRP Pops site:
 
http://www.qrp.pops.net/ugly.asp

The Origin of the Term "Ugly Construction"

Roger Hayward, KA7EXM and Wes Hayward, W7ZOI coined the term "Ugly Construction" while writing the "Ugly Weekender" published in the August 1981 issue of QST. I asked Wes about this in 2009. The term was a takeoff from the 1958 book entitled The Ugly American by William Lederer and Eugene Burdick. 

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BITX 2040 Build Update #10 : Fixing my Filter


That dip on the high side of the passband was bothering me.  The GPLA crystal design program predicted it, and indeed, when I measured the performance of the actual filter, there it was.   The rig was working fine -- the receiver sounded fine and everyone tells me that it sounds great on transmit.  But still, it bothered me.

So I started working out with the various crystal filter software packages.  

This filter was -- sort of -- a Cohn Min-loss filter, but I had built it with four crystals and three shunt caps (80 pf each) and no series caps at the input/output.  This morning I decided to see what would happen if I put the series caps in there.  Here is what Wes's GPLA predicted:


Wow, that looked a lot nicer.  And the 150 ohm terminations seemed to be just about perfect for the BITX design -- no need for impedance transformation.  I heated up the soldering iron and searched the junkbox for suitable caps (I found 2 82 pf caps -- close enough).

Here is what the results looked like (I didn't measure insertion loss so the top of the curve is just the peak of the response curve).


Exactly as predicted!  Thanks Wes! And thanks to Farhan for encouraging me to characterize my crystals and to use the available software

Now I have to go back and de-ripple the 5 MHz filter in my BITX 17.

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Back to the W7ZOI/W7PUA Power Meter

Recent e-mails and Facebook postings from Jim (W8NSA) and Michael (AA1TJ) got me thinking about my old W7ZOI/W7PUA power meter.  The 15 inches (38 centimeters) of snow that fell last night gave me the day off -- and time to play with this very useful and interesting piece of gear. 

The last time I used it I remember thinking that a digital readout would be nice.  But I didn't feel like going back into the world of Arduinos and LCD screens.  So I came up with a real Kludge solution:  I had cheap little DVM that I wasn't using, so I just velcroed it to the side of the power meter.  That little connector above the BNC is the output for a DVM.  I might work on calibration later today.

Wes has some very interesting info follow-up info on the meter on his site: http://w7zoi.net/qststuff.html
I really like the part about how the meter is so sensitive that you can see the thermal noise in the input circuit and can actually measure the strength of signals from your antenna. 

I think I might need a low pass filter at the input of the meter.  There are strong FM broadcast transmitters in this area (some of you may have listened to them in the background of early episode of the SolderSmoke podcast!). I notice that just bringing my fingers close to the input causes the meter and the DVM readout to swing up.  That's not good.

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BITX 2040 Build Update #9: On-the-air Observations


The BITX 2040 has moved from the bench to the operating position and is producing a steady stream of contacts on 20 and 40 meters.  In the picture above it is the rig with the copper-clad front panel (the BITX 17 is below it).  It has already crossed the pond on both bands.

Some observations:

I get significantly more power out on 40 than on 20:  about 7.2 watts PEP on 40 and about 4.4 watts PEP on 20.  I saw a QST article that showed similar frequency/power out variations from IRF510 amps.   But I notice I get more power out from my 17 meter rig.  On that rig I am using trifilar (9:1 Z) transformer instead of the standard BITX bifilars. 

My 40 meter receiver is LOUD.   Too much AF out.  I am not used to having this problem!  On this rig I am using the same discrete component 2n3904 2n3906 transformer-less circuit that I used in the BITX 17.  But AF out on 40 was so loud that I had to go back and add 20 k ohms to the top of the volume control pot.   I didn't have this problem with the 17 meter rig, and I didn't have it on 20 with this rig.  Any ideas why this rig would be so loud on 40?

I still want to go in and fine tune the crystal filters in both rigs.  I am studying the various software packages out there (especially Wes's LADPAC).  I hope to get rid of the ripple.   

In most of my contacts with these rigs, I end up describing the circuit and its Indian origins.  Most people are really fascinated.  Yesterday W1IDL in Michigan suggested that I contact my Indian friends and get some assistance in making some Hindi or Urdu labels for the rig and the controls.   I think that is a very cool idea. 

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BITX Build Update #11 -- Peakin' and Tweakin'

Oh how I love the sound of a newly built receiver!  I'm sitting here listening to G0MJS on 17 meters.  Lots of other stations from across the pond coming in very nicely. 

Earlier in the week I had some sensitivity problems.  I could hear the noise floor, but just barely.  And the receiver just seemed to have trouble inhaling.  So I started poking around.  It seemed that each poke improved things a bit.  I had used Farhan's original schematic (mostly).   Later versions put an additional transistor in the IF amp.  So I went ahead and added that mod.  That helped a bit.  Then I noticed that BFO energy was getting into the AF amp.   So I put a .1uF cap to ground at the input to the AF preamp.  That took care of the RF and did no damage to the AF.  

But the rig still seemed a bit hard of hearing.  This morning Farhan advised me to take a look at the mixers.  I used some junk-box diodes that I didn't know too much about...  I measured the forward resistance and found it to be quite a bit higher than the usual 1N914s.  So I switched all 6 mixer diodes.  That helped noticeably.

I also checked the input bandpass filter.   It seems OK.   In the process I learned to use the EMRFD filter programs (thanks Wes) and the ELSIE filter program (also very nice).

Anyway, the rig sounds great now.   On to the transmitter.  

Farhan advises building the power amplifier on a separate copper clad board.  But I have room for it on my main board.  Should I live dangerously?   


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